2024 WAEC GCE SECOND SERIES (NOVEMBER) HISTORY : 2023 WAEC GCE Second Series (November) History (His) Verified Answers (2232)

(1)

(i) Artistic Expression: Bronze work allowed the people of pre-colonial Nigeria to express their creativity and artistic skills. Intricate sculptures, masks, and other bronze artifacts showcased their cultural heritage and artistic traditions.

(ii) Cultural Identity: Bronze work played a crucial role in shaping and preserving the cultural identity of different ethnic groups in Nigeria. It represented their history, beliefs, and social structures, serving as a tangible link to their ancestors and cultural roots.

(iii) Status and Prestige: Bronze objects were often associated with wealth, power, and social status. Owning or commissioning bronze artwork demonstrated one's affluence and influence within the community, contributing to social standing and prestige.

(iv) Ritual and Ceremonial Use: Bronze artifacts were used in various religious and ceremonial practices. They played a role in ancestral worship, initiation ceremonies, and other rituals, symbolizing the connection between the spiritual and physical realms.

(v) Trade and Economic Significance: The production and trade of bronze objects contributed to economic prosperity in pre-colonial Nigeria. Skilled bronze craftsmen and their workshops became important centers of commerce, attracting traders from neighboring regions.

(2)

(i) Rich Artistic Heritage: The Benin culture is known for its intricate and exquisite artwork, including bronze sculptures, wood carvings, and elaborate beadwork. These art forms often depict historical events, royalty, and spiritual beliefs.

(ii) Monarchical System: The Benin culture has a long-standing tradition of monarchy, with the Oba (king) serving as the central figure. The Oba holds significant power and is revered as a custodian of cultural heritage and a symbol of unity.

(iii) Festivals and Celebrations: Benin culture is vibrant and celebrates various festivals throughout the year. Festivals like the Igue Festival and the Ugie Festival showcase traditional dances, music, costumes, and rituals, bringing the community together in joyous celebrations.

(iv) Oral Tradition: Benin culture values oral tradition as a means of preserving history and passing down knowledge from generation to generation. Stories, proverbs, and folktales play a crucial role in transmitting cultural values, wisdom, and moral lessons.

(v) Respect for Ancestors: Ancestor worship is an integral part of Benin culture. Ancestors are believed to have a continued presence and influence in the lives of the living. Rituals and ceremonies are performed to honor and seek guidance from ancestors.

(4)

(i) Islamic Influence: The Sokoto Caliphate was founded by Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, who aimed to establish an Islamic state based on the principles of the Quran and Hadith. Islam played a central role in the governance, laws, and culture of the caliphate.

(ii) Political Structure: The Sokoto Caliphate had a hierarchical political structure. At the top was the Sultan, who served as the supreme leader and religious authority. Below the Sultan were Emirs and other local leaders who governed different regions.

(iii) Islamic Education: The Sokoto Caliphate placed a strong emphasis on Islamic education. Qur'anic schools, known as almajiri schools, were established to teach Islamic principles, Arabic language, and other subjects. Education was highly valued within the caliphate.

(iv) Trade and Commerce: The Sokoto Caliphate had a thriving economy, with trade playing a significant role. The caliphate was strategically located along major trade routes, allowing for the exchange of goods such as textiles, leatherwork, and agricultural products.

(v) Military Strength: The Sokoto Caliphate had a formidable military force known as the Sokoto Army. The army was well-organized and played a crucial role in expanding and defending the caliphate's territories.

(8)

(i) Weak Governance and Institutions: Inadequate governance structures, weak enforcement of laws, and lack of transparency and accountability can create an environment conducive to corruption.

(ii) Poverty and Inequality: High levels of poverty and income inequality can make individuals more susceptible to engaging in corrupt practices in order to meet their basic needs or improve their economic situation.

(iii) Lack of Ethical Leadership: When leaders in the public sector lack integrity and ethical values, it sets a negative example and can encourage corruption among others.

(iv) Complex Bureaucracy: Cumbersome bureaucratic processes and excessive regulations can create opportunities for corruption, as individuals may seek shortcuts or pay bribes to expedite procedures.

(v) Inadequate Anti-Corruption Measures: Insufficient measures to prevent and combat corruption, such as weak law enforcement, limited whistleblower protection, and inadequate punishment for offenders, can contribute to its persistence.

(9)

(i) Economic Integration: ECOWAS promotes regional economic integration by facilitating the free movement of goods, services, and people among member states. This helps Nigeria expand its trade and investment opportunities within the West African region.

(ii) Market Access: ECOWAS provides Nigeria with access to a larger market of over 350 million people. This creates opportunities for Nigerian businesses to expand their customer base and increase exports, driving economic growth.

(iii) Regional Cooperation: ECOWAS fosters cooperation among member states in various sectors such as agriculture, energy, infrastructure, and security. This collaboration allows Nigeria to benefit from shared resources, expertise, and joint development initiatives.

(iv) Peace and Stability: ECOWAS plays a vital role in promoting peace and stability in the region. Through its interventions and peacekeeping efforts, ECOWAS helps Nigeria and other member states address conflicts, maintain political stability, and create a conducive environment for development.

(v) Policy Harmonization: ECOWAS facilitates policy harmonization and coordination among member states. This alignment of policies and regulations in areas such as trade, agriculture, and finance helps Nigeria create a more favorable business environment and attract investments.