2024 NABTEB GCE GOVERNMENT: Government (Govt) NABTEB GCE Authentic Answer 2023 (2118)

GOVERNEMNT OBJ:

1 - 10: DDCBADAABB
11-20: BCADACCDCB
21-30: BAACDCABBA
31-40: ADDCABABAB
41-50: AACCBBBDDB

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VERSION 1

INSTRUCTION: Answer FIVE questions in all; at least TWO from each part.

PART I (Answer at least TWO)

(1a)
A state is a geographical territory occupied by a group of people of different cultural background with an organised government. These people are entirely free from external control and intervention and must be ready to obey the decisions and laws of the constituted government. There is the possibility of the government using force in a state to secure obedience from the people. Examples of such states are; U. S. A., Britain, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Russia, Canada, etc.

(1b)
(i) Defined Territory: A state must have clearly defined and recognized borders that distinguish its geographical area from other states. The territory can include land, water, and airspace.

(ii) Permanent Population: A state must have a population that resides within its borders. This population may consist of citizens and non-citizens, but there must be a permanent community of people.

(iii) Government: A state needs a system of governance that exercises authority and control over its territory and population. This can take various forms, including democratic, authoritarian, or other types of government structures.

(iv) Sovereignty: Sovereignty refers to the state’s supreme authority to govern itself without interference from external sources. It implies independence from other states and international bodies.

(v) Recognition: For practical purposes, a state often requires recognition by other states and international entities to be considered legitimate. Recognition is a political and diplomatic acknowledgment of a state’s existence.

(vi) Capacity to Enter into Relations: A state should have the ability to engage in diplomatic and foreign relations with other states. This includes the power to make treaties, form alliances, and participate in international organizations.

(2a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Law-making: This is the major function of the legislature. This law making directs and helps to guarantee peace and stability of a country.

(ii) Approval of appointments: Appointments made by the executive must have the approval of the legislature, e.g. ministers, ambassadors, etc.

(iii) Control of the executive: It has the power to impeach or pass a vote of no confidence on the executive especially when the executive is acting in excesses or unconstitutionally.

(iv) Amendment of the Constitution: In most modern states, it is the legislature that amends the constitution.

(v) Judicial functions: The legislature at times performs judicial functions. In Britain, the House of Lords is also the highest Court of Appeal. Legislature also has the power of investigation.

(vi) Checks:The activities of most government parastatals and agencies are checked by the legislature.

(vii) Policies of the executive: Policies proposed by the executive are approved by the legislature before their implementation.

(viii) Control of public expenditure: It passes the needed appropriation bills, giving it the mandate to control the finances of the state.

(ix) Ratification of treaties: It ratifies all treaties made by the executive and also declares wars and state of emergency, etc.

(x) Ventilation of grievances: Legislature is a better forum for the ventilation of grievances.

(xi) Removal of Judges: The legislature can recommend to the executive for the removal of any erring judge.

(2b)
Political participation involves a voluntary participation of individuals or citizens in the political activities of their country. It is a situation process where the citizens have the opportunity of electing their political leaders and taking part in the decision making in their country.

(3a)
A Republican form of government is one that has the president as the Head of state. He is elected by the people and has a fixed term of office. The office is an elective post and not hereditary, as in a monarchy. In some countries, the president as the head of state performs ceremonial functions but as executive president, he is both Head of State and government e.g. U.S.A.

(3b)
(i) The Head of state is known as the president and is elected for a fixed term of office.
(ii) Political independence is a must for a Republican state.
(iii) Political leaders can only stay in office for a stipulated term e.g. four or five years.
(iv) The law-makers are entirely elected by the people.
(v) There is existence of rule of law.
(vi) There is popular sovereignty. The people have the final say in choosing political leaders.
(vii) Everybody is equal before the law.
(viii) There is the independence of Judiciary
(ix) There is free press and freedom of association and of forming political parties.

(3c)
Proportional representation is a process adopted in electing representatives in multi-member constituencies and is used to secure representation in the legislature. Every association or political party gets seats in proportion to the percentage of votes cast. The more the percentage of votes cast, the more the seats that will be allocated to the favourable party. This system results in producing representation for diverse interest groups in a locality or community.

(4a)
(i) There is the Board of Directors to manage the affairs of the public service while the Director-General (Permanent Secretary) is the chief executive and administrative head of the ministry in the civil service, while the political head is the minister.

(ii) Public service can go for loans, the civil service cannot.

(iii) The ministry or the civil service is bureaucratic while the public service takes immediate action.

(iv) The Director General or permanent Secretary is the administrative head of a ministry while a general manager is appointed for the public service.

(v) The responsibilities of a minister is limited in the public service and not in the civil service.

(vi) The civil service is not a profit making outfit while the public service makes profit.

(vii) Workers in the ministry are employed by the public Service Commission while those of the public service are appointed or employed by the Board of Directors.

(viii) The workers in the public service enjoy better conditions of service than those in the civil service.

(ix) The civil service pays its revenue into the consolidated fund while the public service does not pay.

(x) The functions of the civil service are for the provision of amenities e.g. water, light, etc.

(xi) The civil service depends directly on annual., budget while the public service is not tied to the executive annual budget.

(xii) Workers in the civil service are known as civil servants while those in the public service are called public servants.

(4b)
(i) Poor conditions of service: The poor condition of service in the civil service is responsible for non-attraction of qualified personnel into the service. Incentives for hard work are virtually absent.

(ii) Bureaucracy or Red Tapism: This works against the effectiveness of the civil service because issues are excessively adhered to.

(iii) Lack of qualified personnel: There is movement of workers from the service to other sectors for better and more attractive working conditions.

(iv) Political instability: This has resulted in constant changes of top government officials e.g. ministers, Director-General/Permanent Secretary, etc. The issue of decision making and implementation are equally affected.

(v) Tribalism: This has become the determinant factor in the employment of workers into the service.

(vi) Political interference; The civil service is no more given a free hand to run its affairs due to constant interference from the governments.

(vii) Bribery and corruption: These have affected the efficiency of the civil service. Most civil servants fail to perform their functions as every attention is directed towards bribery before any work is done.

(viii) No adequate training facilities: Adequate facilities are absent in our locality and as a result some people are sent overseas for further training.

(ix) Unfriendly attitude of civil servants: At times, they are impatient and not ready to listen to people coming with complaints.

(x) Over staffing: There is redundancy, laxity and "I don’t care attitude to work"; demonstrated by most of the workers in the service.

(5a)
Government as an Academic Field of study involves the study of political institutions of a state, its values, beliefs and doctrines about politics and the views of political thinkers about what defines or constitutes the welfare of the people in a state. These were part of the study of government in the early days. Government is a social science subject taught in higher institutions and it is referred to as political science. It is also taught in schools and colleges.
The study of government, now a science involves the use of computers, research, statistics and analysis of data. The study of government embraces public administration, international relations, national governments, political behaviour, local government, comparative government, political theory, etc.
Government also relates with other subjects like, history, economics, philosophy, sociology, psychology, mathematics, anthropology, etc. This relationship has facilitated the inter-disciplinary approach and in depth study of government.

(5b)
(i) The constitutional rights of the citizens are enhanced and protected.

(ii) This is in compliance with the U.N.O’s directive on the rights of man.

(iii) Violation of rights can easily be determined.

(iv) It gives opportunity to citizens to seek redress in courts whenever their rights are violated.

(v) It makes for easy reference whenever the need arises.

(vi) The government cannot effect unnecessary change in them. The powers of the political leaders are limited, thereby removing every trace of dictatorial tendency.

PART II (Answer at least TWO)

(6a)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Check and Balance on the Alaafin (Monarch): The Oyomesi acted as a system of checks and balances on the Alaafin, who was the supreme ruler of the Oyo Empire. They had the authority to investigate and challenge the actions of the Alaafin, ensuring that the ruler did not abuse power or act against the interests of the empire.

(ii) Judicial Functions: The Oyomesi played a judicial role by participating in the resolution of disputes and legal matters within the empire. They had the responsibility to adjudicate cases, administer justice, and ensure that the legal system was functioning in accordance with the established norms and customs.

(iii) Appointment and Removal of Officials: The Oyomesi had a role in the appointment and removal of high-ranking officials and military commanders within the empire. This involvement helped in preventing the concentration of power in the hands of a few individuals and contributed to a more balanced distribution of authority.

(iv) Custodians of the Law and Tradition: The Oyomesi served as custodians of the laws and traditions of the Oyo people. They were responsible for upholding and preserving the cultural and legal heritage of the empire. This function contributed to the maintenance of social order and the continuity of Oyo’s cultural identity.

(v) Declaration of War and Peace: In matters of war and peace, the Oyomesi had a say in the decision-making process. They were often consulted before the empire engaged in military campaigns, and their approval was considered important for the legitimacy of such actions. This function helped ensure a collective and consensual approach to matters of national security.

(6b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Administration or powers of governance was not an exclusive preserve of the Oba . He shared these powers with some of the senior Chiefs.

(ii) Decisions were not also taken only by the Oba. He consults with the Chiefs for approval.

(iii) If a reigning Oba dies, the king-makers had the power to select and enthrone a new one and, of course, different interests would be represented before selections were made.

(iv) Laws made for the people could only be enforced if it had the approval or support of the Oba and the Chiefs.

(v) There was separation of powers. Executive powers belonged to the Oba while the Chiefs exercised legislative powers.

(vi) The issue of checks and balances played a major role in enforcing order in the performance of the separated functions, e.g the Ogboni society was a check on the powers of the oba.

(vii) The Kingmakers, acting on the will of the people, could remove any erring Oba.

(7a)
(i) Economic Development and Growth: The NPN government, under President Shagari, implemented policies aimed at fostering economic development and growth. The period witnessed various infrastructural development projects, including roads, bridges, and public buildings, contributing to the overall improvement of the country’s infrastructure.

(ii) Agricultural Programs: The NPN government introduced agricultural programs to boost food production and self-sufficiency. Initiatives such as the Green Revolution were launched to modernize and enhance agricultural practices, with a focus on increasing crop yields and improving food security.

(iii) Educational Policies: The NPN administration prioritized education and implemented policies to improve access to quality education. Efforts were made to expand educational institutions, increase enrollment, and enhance the overall educational system. This included investments in schools, teacher training, and educational infrastructure.

(iv) Rural Development Initiatives: The NPN government initiated rural development projects to address the needs of rural communities. These projects were designed to improve living conditions in rural areas, including the provision of basic amenities such as water supply, healthcare facilities, and electricity. This focus on rural development aimed to reduce urban-rural disparities.

(v) Diplomatic Relations and Foreign Policy: The NPN government actively engaged in diplomatic efforts to strengthen Nigeria’s relationships with other countries. It played a role in mediating regional conflicts and promoting peace in West Africa. Nigeria, under NPN leadership, contributed to peacekeeping efforts in the ECOWAS region, demonstrating a commitment to regional stability.

(7b)
(i) Division of the country: The country was divided into three regions - western, eastern and northern regions.

(ii) Legislative powers: Powers were also divided, specifying items for the different tiers of government and giving the exclusive legislative powers to the central government.

(iii) Autonomy : The Regional Houses of Assembly were granted legislative autonomy.

(iv) Council of Ministers: Council of ministers was created and made up of four ministers drawn from each region, based on equal representation.

(v) Regional head of government: Premiers, as heads of government for the regions, were to be appointed by the governor.

(vi) The judiciary and public service: These two institutions were to be regionalised.

(vii) Electoral laws: These were to be provided for the regions differently.

(viii) Revenue allocation formula: There was the establishment of the revenue allocation formula.

(8a)
PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Principle of Non-Interference: The OAU’s commitment to non-interference in the internal affairs of member states hindered its ability to actively address major crises within its boundaries. This principle, while respecting national sovereignty, limited the organization’s capacity to intervene effectively in cases of political instability, human rights abuses, or conflicts within member countries.

(ii) Inter-State Boundary Disputes: Persistent boundary disputes, such as Eritrea/Ethiopia and Nigeria/Cameroon, have created challenges for the OAU. Inability to resolve these conflicts undermines regional stability and cooperation, as member states grapple with territorial disputes that divert attention and resources from broader continental issues.

(iii) Lack of Military High Command: The absence of a standing army within the OAU hindered its ability to respond promptly to conflicts. Without a centralized military force, the organization relied on member states’ voluntary contributions, often resulting in delayed or insufficient responses to crises.

(iv) Existence of Sub-Regional Organizations: The emergence of sub-regional organizations like ECOWAS and Mano River Union decentralized efforts and resources, potentially diluting the OAU’s influence. Sub-regional bodies often addressed issues more specific to their regions, leading to overlapping responsibilities and potential coordination challenges.

(v) Frequent Changes of Governments: The prevalence of coups d’etat in Africa disrupted political stability and undermined the continuity of OAU initiatives. Frequent changes in leadership created an environment of uncertainty, making it challenging for the OAU to implement long-term policies or effectively address continental issues.

(vi) Affinity to Former Colonial Masters: Some member countries maintained strong ties with their former colonial rulers, impacting their alignment with continental goals. This external influence could impede the OAU’s efforts to foster unity and independence, as member states may prioritize external alliances over continental solidarity.

(vii) Ideological Differences: Divergent political ideologies among African countries created divisions within the OAU. Disagreements on key issues, such as governance models and economic systems, hindered cohesive decision-making and implementation of collective policies.

(viii) Fear of Domination: Concerns about domination by more powerful member countries fostered mistrust and hindered collaborative efforts. The fear of unequal influence among member states created obstacles to consensus-building and effective governance within the OAU.

(8b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Military intervention in politics - West Africa is still bedeviled by military coups. This is seen as a major problem to the community’s quest for good and democratic governance.

(ii) Language barrier: Member states are polarized into English, French and Portuguese languages. This is seen as a barrier to the unity of the peoples of the sub-region.

(iii) Fear of domination: Some of the smaller nations have great feat that big nations in the community might dominate them. Hence, there is mutual suspicion among them.

(iv) Influence of foreign powers and ex-colonial masters. Members states depend on them economically.

(v) Differences in currency: Different currencies create barriers in the exchange of goods and services in the sub-region.

(vi) Communication problems: Lack of good road network, railway, etc are barriers to economic integration.

(vii) Economic migrants: Citizens of the economically disadvantaged states migrate to the economically advantaged ones.

(viii) Inter-state conflict: Inter-state boundary disputes often slow down unity and cooperation within the community.

(9)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Introduction of Federal System: The Lyttleton constitution laid the groundwork for a federal system of government in Nigeria, acknowledging the diverse regional interests and providing a framework for cooperative governance between the central and regional authorities.

(ii) Implementation of Direct and Indirect Elections:
This feature of the constitution reflects a nuanced approach to electoral representation, introducing direct elections in some regions and indirect elections based on adult male suffrage in others. It aimed to address the varied socio-political landscapes of different regions.

(iii) Appointment of Nigerian Ministers: The constitution marked a significant departure from previous colonial practices by allowing Nigerians to hold ministerial positions with full responsibilities. This move symbolized a shift towards greater self-determination and participation in the governance of the country.

(iv) Establishment of Legislative Leadership: By instituting the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker, the constitution aimed to provide clear leadership structures within the legislatures, fostering orderly and effective legislative processes at both the federal and regional levels.

(v) Decentralization of Legislative Powers: The constitution granted regional legislatures the power to legislate on matters that directly affected them, reducing the central government’s interventionist role. This decentralization aimed to respect regional peculiarities and foster a sense of autonomy.

(vi) Regionalization of Civil Service and Judiciary:
The regionalization of the civil service and judiciary acknowledged the unique needs of each region. It allowed for the administration of justice and public services tailored to the specific requirements and aspirations of the diverse regions within Nigeria.

(vii) Elevation of Governor Status: Administrative Roles
The change in nomenclature from Governor to Governor-General signified an elevation of administrative responsibilities, emphasizing the increased importance of the role within the federal structure and international context.

(viii) Creation of Regional Premiers: The constitution created the office of premiers, empowering regional leaders with significant executive authority. This move aimed to enhance regional self-governance and strengthen regional leadership structures.

(ix) Separation of Lagos and Southern Cameroons: The separation of Lagos and Southern Cameroons from their respective regions underscored the constitutional reorganization of administrative boundaries, recognizing unique regional dynamics and facilitating more tailored governance approaches in these areas.


(9b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Absence of Central Prime Minister: The absence of a central prime ministerial position led to challenges in establishing a clear executive leadership at the federal level. This gap in central leadership contributed to difficulties in coordinating national policies and initiatives.

(ii) Undemocratic Ministerial Selection: The appointment of ministers rather than their election undermined democratic principles, limiting the accountability of these officials to the electorate.

(iii) Retention of Regional Structure:
The decision to maintain three regional divisions failed to address the demands for increased regional autonomy and the creation of additional regions.

(iv) Governor’s Veto Powers: The retention of veto powers by governors limited the autonomy of regional governments and impeded the smooth functioning of the federal system.
It hindered the development of a more decentralized and balanced political structure.

(v) Lack of Independence Plans: Absence of Plans for Eventual Independence Status or Self-Government
The failure to incorporate provisions for eventual independence overlooked the importance of a clear roadmap for Nigeria’s self-governance.

(vi) Absence of Second Chamber: The absence of a second chamber limited checks and balances within the federal system, potentially leading to hasty and unconsidered legislative decisions.

(vii) Lack of Uniform Electoral System: The absence of a standardized electoral system hindered the establishment of fair and consistent electoral practices.

(viii) Retention of Official Members: The retention of official members may have perpetuated a lack of political inclusivity and hindered the formation of more representative legislative and executive bodies.

VERSION 2
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER FIVE(5) QUESTIONS IN ALL

PART I: ANSWER AT LEAST TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

(1a)
A state can be defined as a geopolitical entity with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the ability to interact with other states.

(1b)
(i) Defined territory: A state must have a clearly defined and recognized territory which includes a specific land area, territorial waters, and airspace. The boundaries should be established and recognized by other states.

(ii) Population: A state must have a permanent population residing within its territory. The size of the population is not a determining factor; it can be large or small.

(iii) Sovereignty: A state must have sovereignty, which means it has the authority to govern itself without interference from external powers. It has the power to make and enforce laws and make decisions on behalf of its population.

(iv) Government: A state must have a functioning government that exercises authority over its population and territory. The government establishes and enforces laws, maintains order, and provides services to its citizens.

(v) Recognition: A state must be recognized as a sovereign entity by other states in the international community. Recognition can be expressed through diplomatic relations or membership in international organizations such as the United Nations.

(vi) Capacity to enter into relations with other states: A state must have the ability to engage in international relations and interact with other states on political, economic, and social matters.

(vii) Permanence: A state is typically characterized by its permanence, meaning that it is expected to endure over time rather than being temporary or transitory.

(viii) Internal and external sovereignty: A state should possess internal sovereignty, meaning it has control over its internal affairs and its population. Additionally, it should possess external sovereignty, allowing it to interact with other states as an equal member of the international community.

(ix) Independence: A state should be independent in terms of its decision-making, governance, and external affairs, free from undue influence or control by other states or entities.

(2a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Lawmaking: The primary function of a legislature is to create, amend, and repeal laws. This includes drafting legislation, debating its content, and ultimately passing it to become law.

(ii) Representing the electorate: Legislatures are responsible for representing the citizens and ensuring their diverse interests are heard and addressed. They act as a representative body for the people in the decision-making process.

(iii) Oversight of the executive branch: Legislatures play a crucial role in holding the executive branch accountable. They monitor the actions and policies of the government, scrutinize their performance, and provide oversight to prevent abuse of power.

(iv) Budgetary control: Legislatures have the power to approve and allocate budgets. They review and analyze government spending proposals, ensuring financial accountability and the wise use of public funds.

(v) Public policy formulation: Legislatures play a significant role in formulating public policy. Through committees and research, they examine various social, economic, and political issues and develop policies to address them.

(vi) Representation of minority interests: Legislatures provide a platform for minority voices to be heard. They help protect the rights and interests of marginalized communities, ensuring their concerns are taken into account during decision-making.

(vii) Conflict resolution: Legislatures act as a forum for resolving conflicts and disputes. Through debate, negotiation, and consensus-building, they work towards peaceful resolutions and compromise in areas of disagreement.

(viii) Promotion of democracy: Legislatives reinforce democratic principles by providing a space for open discussions, deliberations, and decision-making. They facilitate a collective decision-making process, fostering democratic values and citizen participation.

(ix) Constituency service: Legislators generally serve as a link between the government and the citizens. They provide assistance and support to constituents, addressing their concerns, and helping them navigate government programs and services.

(x) International representation: Legislatures often participate in international diplomacy and build relationships with other countries. They engage in inter-parliamentary cooperation, represent their nation’s interests abroad, and participate in global decision-making forums.

(2b)
Political participation refers to the involvement of individuals or groups in the political process and decision-making activities of a society.

(3a)
A republican form of government is a type of governance system in which the power is derived from the citizens and exercised by elected representatives who are accountable to the people.

(3b)
(i) Sovereignty of the people: In a republican form of government, the ultimate authority rests with the people, who hold the power to choose their representatives and participate in decision-making.

(ii) Representative democracy: Republican governments are typically based on the principle of representative democracy, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

(iii) Limited government: A republican government is characterized by limited powers and functions. There are checks and balances in place to prevent any one branch or individual from accumulating excessive power.

(iv) Rule of law: The principle of the rule of law is essential in a republican form of government. All individuals, including government officials, are subject to the law, creating a system of accountability and fairness.

(v) Protection of individual rights: Republican governments prioritize the protection of individual rights and liberties. These rights are enshrined in a constitution or a bill of rights, providing a framework that safeguards the freedoms of the people.

(vi) Separation of powers: Republican governments often separate powers between different branches, such as the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This separation ensures a system of checks and balances, preventing the concentration of power.

(vii) Regular free and fair elections: A republican government promotes regular free and fair elections as a means for the people to choose their representatives and hold them accountable.

(viii) Civil liberties and tolerance: Republican governments typically emphasize civil liberties and tolerance, allowing for diversity in thought, opinion, and lifestyle within the framework of law and order.

(3c)
Proportional representation is an electoral system in which seats are allocated to political parties based on the proportion of votes they receive in the election.

(4a)
(i) Civil service refers to the employees working under the government’s executive branch, while public service encompasses a broader range of employment opportunities within government and non-governmental organizations.

(ii) Civil service positions are typically career-based and offer more stability, job security, and opportunities for advancement within the government structure, while public service positions may vary in terms of duration and job security.

(iii) Civil service roles often require specific qualifications and expertise relevant to the position, while public service jobs can be more diverse in terms of skill requirements.

(iv) Civil servants are accountable to the government and are subject to government regulations and policies, while individuals in public service may work under different organizations and may have varying levels of accountability.

(v) Civil service positions are typically paid from public funds and follow specific salary structures, while public service roles can be both paid and unpaid, depending on the organization and nature of the work.

(4b)
(i) Bureaucratic inefficiency: The Nigeria civil service has often been criticized for its slow, cumbersome, and inefficient bureaucratic processes. This can lead to delays in decision-making, implementation, and service delivery.

(ii) Corruption and lack of transparency: Another major criticism is the prevalence of corruption within the civil service. Cases of bribery, embezzlement, and favoritism are often reported, undermining transparency and eroding public trust.

(iii) Political interference: The civil service is often accused of being influenced by political interests. This can lead to the appointment of unqualified individuals or the manipulation of processes for personal or political gains, affecting the merit-based nature of recruitment and promotions.

(iv) Poor work ethics and professionalism: Some civil servants have been criticized for their lack of commitment, professionalism, and dedication to their work. This affects productivity and undermines the overall effectiveness of the civil service.

(v) Outdated systems and limited capacity: Many argue that the civil service lacks modernization and suffers from outdated systems and limited capacity. Insufficient training and inadequate infrastructure hinder the ability of civil servants to effectively carry out their roles.

(5a)
Government as an academic field of study refers to the in-depth examination and analysis of political institutions, processes, policies, and governance systems at various levels of government. It encompasses the study of the structures, functions, and behaviors of governments, the interactions between institutions and individuals, the formulation and implementation of public policies, the distribution of power and resources, and the ways in which decisions are made within political systems.

(5b)
(i) Protection against abuse of power: By enshrining these rights in a constitution, it serves as a check against the abuse of power by the government or other entities. It establishes a clear set of limitations on what actions can be taken by those in authority, ensuring that individuals are protected from arbitrary actions.

(ii) Promotion of individual freedom: These rights guarantee individual freedom and autonomy. They provide individuals with the ability to make choices, express themselves, and pursue their interests without unwarranted interference from the state or other individuals.

(iii) Equality and non-discrimination: Fundamental human rights aim to promote equality and non-discrimination. By enshrining these rights in a constitution, it establishes a framework for treating all individuals fairly and equally, regardless of their differences in race, gender, religion, or other characteristics.

(iv) Legal recourse and accountability: By including these rights in a constitution, individuals are given a legal avenue to seek redress if their rights are violated. It establishes a mechanism for holding those responsible for human rights abuses accountable for their actions.

(v) Normative and symbolic value: Including fundamental human rights in a constitution carries significant symbolic and normative value. It expresses a society’s commitment to upholding and protecting the dignity and well-being of its citizens. It also serves as a guiding ethical framework for the conduct of individuals and institutions within the society.

PART II: ANSWER AT LEAST TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

(6a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Advising the Alaafin: The Oyomesi served as the council of the Alaafin, providing him with advice and guidance in matters of governance.

(ii) Resolving Disputes: They acted as a judicial body, settling disputes and maintaining law and order within the empire.

(iii) Enforcing Decisions: The Oyomesi ensured that decisions made by the Alaafin were implemented and enforced throughout the empire.

(iv) Maintaining Stability: They played a crucial role in maintaining political stability by advising the Alaafin on matters relating to statecraft and governance.

(v) Protecting the Dynasty: The Oyomesi served as a bodyguard for the Alaafin, ensuring his safety and security.

(vi) Appointment of Chiefs: They participated in the selection and appointment of chiefs in different regions of the Oyo empire.

(vii) Administration: The Oyomesi played a significant role in the administration of the empire, overseeing various aspects of governance such as taxation, justice, and defense.

(viii) Mediation: They acted as mediators in conflicts between different factions within the empire, working towards peaceful resolutions.

(ix) Conducting Rituals: The Oyomesi performed important religious and ceremonial functions, including organizing and overseeing religious rituals and festivals.

(x) Preserving Tradition: They were responsible for upholding and preserving the traditions, customs, and cultural practices of the Oyo empire.

(6b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Consultative decision-making: The Yoruba government emphasized consensus-building and extensive consultations among community leaders, chiefs, and elders.

(ii) Representative governance: Each Yoruba community had its own council of chiefs, who served as representatives of their respective communities and had the authority to address local issues.

(iii) Separation of powers: The Yoruba government had a check-and-balance system where power was distributed among different entities such as the Oba, Oyo Mesi, and Ogboni fraternity.

(iv) Regular town hall meetings: The Yoruba people conducted regular town hall meetings called "Ojumo" to discuss and address communal issues, allowing the entire community to participate in decision-making.

(v) Consensus-based decision-making: The Yoruba government valued consensus-building, seeking input from various stakeholders and striving for agreements that satisfied the majority.

(vi) Inclusive participation: Yoruba government encouraged participation and representation from diverse groups, including women, guilds, and professional associations, allowing for a broad spectrum of voices to be heard.

(vii) Rule of law: The Yoruba followed a codified legal system known as the "Odu Ifa," which ensured fairness, justice, and the protection of individual rights.

(viii) Local autonomy: Each Yoruba town or city had significant autonomy to govern its own affairs, preserving their cultural and administrative uniqueness.

(ix) Meritocracy: Leadership positions in the Yoruba government were often based on merit and demonstrated ability, including noble birth, education, wealth, or exceptional talent, rather than solely on inheritance or birthright.

(x) Peaceful transitions of power: The Yoruba government established clear guidelines and processes for the selection and succession of leaders, ensuring a peaceful transfer of power from one ruler to another.

(7a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Economic growth: The National Party of Nigeria (NPN) implemented various policies and programs aimed at fostering economic growth during its time in power. These initiatives included the establishment of industries, expansion of agricultural production, and increased foreign direct investment.

(ii) Infrastructure development: The NPN prioritized infrastructure development across the country. They embarked on the construction of roads, bridges, airports, and ports, thereby improving transportation networks and facilitating economic activities.

(iii) Education reforms: The NPN introduced reforms in the education sector, with a focus on improving access to quality education for all Nigerians. They increased the number of schools, promoted teacher training programs, and enhanced educational facilities.

(iv) Agricultural modernization: The NPN implemented initiatives to modernize and transform the agricultural sector. They provided farmers with improved farming techniques, increased access to credit, and introduced irrigation schemes to boost crop production.

(v) Job creation: The NPN implemented policies aimed at reducing unemployment rates. They promoted entrepreneurship, attracted foreign investments, and created opportunities through the establishment of industries, thereby generating employment for Nigerians.

(vi) Healthcare improvement: The NPN prioritized healthcare by increasing investment in the healthcare system. They expanded existing healthcare facilities, built new hospitals and clinics, and enhanced the training of healthcare professionals.

(vii) Social welfare programs: The NPN implemented social welfare programs to alleviate poverty and improve social well-being. These initiatives included the provision of subsidized food, housing schemes, and targeted support for vulnerable groups.

(viii) Political stability: The NPN played a role in maintaining political stability during their time in power. They promoted peaceful coexistence among diverse ethnic and religious groups, fostered dialogue between regions, and ensured the functioning of democratic processes.

(ix) Diplomatic engagement: The NPN engaged in active diplomatic relations with other countries, forging alliances and strengthening Nigeria’s position on the international stage. They facilitated trade agreements, attracted foreign investments, and promoted cultural exchanges.

(x) Women empowerment: The NPN recognized the importance of women empowerment in national development. They introduced policies to promote gender equality, encouraged female participation in politics, and implemented programs to enhance women’s economic opportunities.

(7b)
(i) Devolution of Powers: The 1954 constitution decentralized power by granting considerable autonomy and legislative powers to the regional governments. It allowed the regions to have control over key policy areas such as agriculture, education, health, and transportation, which led to the decentralization of governance.

(ii) Fiscal Federalism: The constitution established a revenue allocation formula that gave the regions control over their financial resources. It provided for the sharing of revenue between the federal and regional governments, ensuring that regions had enough financial autonomy to cater to their local needs.

(iii) Regional Governments: The constitution allowed the creation of regional governments, which provided a platform for regional representation in the federal structure. This gave regions the opportunity to have a say in the decision-making process and promoted a sense of autonomy and self-governance.

(iv) Judicial Autonomy: The 1954 constitution established a federal court system that allowed each region to have its own high court. This ensured that regional disputes could be resolved within their respective jurisdictions, promoting judicial autonomy and decentralization of the legal system.

(v) Bicameral Legislature: The constitution introduced a bicameral legislature at both the federal and regional levels. This helped to ensure checks and balances and gave regional governments a voice in the legislative process, strengthening their autonomy and representation.

(8a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Lack of coordination and unity among member states: The O.A.U struggled to maintain unity among its member states due to conflicting national interests and ideological divisions.

(ii) Limited financial resources: The organization had limited financial resources, which hindered its ability to effectively implement its initiatives and fulfill its mandates.

(iii) Dominance of major powers: The influence of major powers, both within and outside Africa, often undermined the decision-making processes of the O.A.U and weakened its authority.

(iv) Inefficient decision-making structure: The structure of the O.A.U decision-making processes, which relied heavily on consensus-based decision-making, often led to slow progress and difficulties in implementing effective policies.

(v) Weak enforcement mechanisms: The O.A.U lacked strong enforcement mechanisms, which undermined its ability to hold member states accountable for violations of its charter, resolutions, or decisions.

(vi) Inadequate response to conflicts: The O.A.U struggled to effectively respond to conflicts within Africa, often due to a lack of consensus among member states or hesitance to intervene in the internal affairs of sovereign nations.

(vii) Limited focus on economic development: The O.A.U predominantly focused on political and security issues, with limited emphasis on economic development. This hindered its ability to address economic challenges and promote sustainable growth across the continent.

(viii) Limited capacity for implementing programs: The organization lacked the necessary capacity, resources, and expertise to effectively implement its programs and initiatives, leading to slow progress and limited impact.

(ix) Competition among regional organizations: The emergence of multiple regional organizations in Africa led to competition and duplication of efforts, undermining the unity and effectiveness of the O.A.U.

(x) Lack of public support and engagement: The organization often struggled to garner public support and engagement, limiting its ability to mobilize resources, advocate for its goals, and effectively address the challenges facing the continent.

(8b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Political instability: Many member countries of ECOWAS have experienced political instability, including coups, civil wars, and political unrest. This instability undermines economic development and regional integration efforts.

(ii) Corruption: Corruption is pervasive in several ECOWAS countries, leading to mismanagement of resources, lack of accountability, and undermining of public trust. It hampers economic growth and discourages foreign investment.

(iii) Poverty and inequality: High rates of poverty and income inequality persist in ECOWAS member countries, contributing to social tensions and hindering sustainable development efforts.

(iv) Unemployment and underemployment: The region faces significant challenges in creating employment opportunities for its growing population. Insufficient job opportunities lead to high rates of unemployment and underemployment, particularly among young people.

(v) Inadequate infrastructure: Many ECOWAS countries suffer from inadequate infrastructure, including transportation, electricity, and telecommunications networks. This limits trade, connectivity, and economic development within the region.

(vi) Insufficient access to financing: Limited access to finance, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises, hinders entrepreneurship and investment. This poses a significant obstacle to economic growth and development.

(vii) Inadequate education and skills training: Many ECOWAS member countries face challenges in providing quality education and skills training. A lack of skilled workforce affects productivity and hampers economic diversification.

(viii) Security challenges: The region is confronted with various security threats, including terrorism, religious extremism, organized crime, and inter-communal conflicts. These challenges impede economic activities and pose risks to regional stability.

(ix) Weak agricultural sector: The agricultural sector, which is a significant source of employment and livelihood for many West Africans, faces numerous challenges. These include limited access to modern farming techniques, climate change, and inadequate support for smallholder farmers.

(x) Trade barriers and limited market integration: Despite efforts towards regional integration, the existence of trade barriers such as tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and cumbersome cross-border procedures hampers intra-regional trade. This limits the potential economic benefits and hinders market development.

(9a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Enhanced representation: The Lyttleton Constitution granted increased representation for Nigerians in the legislative councils at both the regional and federal levels. This allowed for a more inclusive political system.

(ii) Development of political parties: The constitution facilitated the development of political parties in Nigeria, providing the framework for multi-party democracy and encouraging political participation and competition.

(iii) Regional autonomy: The constitution introduced a system of regionalism, granting significant autonomy to the regions. This enabled the regions to manage their own affairs and pursue policies tailored to their specific needs.

(iv) Protection of minority rights: The constitution included provisions to protect the rights and interests of minority ethnic groups, ensuring their participation in the political process and safeguarding their cultural, linguistic, and religious practices.

(v) Simplified central government: The Lyttleton Constitution streamlined the central government by reducing its size and role. This allowed for a more efficient and effective governance structure.

(vi) Local government reforms: The constitution introduced reforms to enhance local government administration, providing for the establishment of local councils and empowering them to address the needs and issues specific to their localities.

(vii) Judicial independence: The constitution strengthened the independence of the judiciary by separating it from the executive branch. This ensured the impartiality of the legal system and protected the rule of law.

(viii) Protection of civil liberties: The Lyttleton Constitution outlined fundamental rights and freedoms for Nigerians, safeguarding individual liberties such as freedom of speech, assembly, and association.

(ix) Methodology for constitutional amendment: The constitution introduced a clear methodology for amending the constitution, allowing for necessary adaptations and modifications over time to meet changing circumstances and needs.

(x) Transition towards self-government: The Lyttleton Constitution marked a significant step towards eventual self-government for Nigeria. It provided a framework for evolving Nigeria into an independent nation, paving the way for further constitutional developments.

(9b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Power imbalance: The constitution created a significant power imbalance between the central government and the regional governments. This led to tensions and conflicts regarding resource allocation and policy-making.

(ii) Weak central government: The central government was weakened under the Lyttleton constitution, resulting in challenges to effective governance, coordination, and decision-making at the national level.

(iii) Limited representation: The constitution provided limited representation for the diverse ethnic and regional groups within Nigeria, leading to feelings of marginalization and exclusion among certain communities.

(iv) Limited political participation: The constitution placed restrictions on political participation, including prohibitive property and educational qualifications for voters and candidates, which limited the inclusiveness of the political process.

(v) Lack of democratic principles: The Lyttleton constitution did not fully embrace democratic principles, such as free and fair elections, political pluralism, and protection of civil liberties, undermining the development of a sustainable democratic system.

(vi) Centralized economic control: The constitution retained excessive control over economic matters in the hands of the central government, hindering the development of regional autonomy and economic growth.

(vii) Limited devolution of power: Despite the inclusion of regional governments, the Lyttleton constitution did not adequately devolve power to the regions, impeding their ability to address local needs and make decisions autonomously.

(viii) Insufficient checks and balances: The constitution lacked robust mechanisms for checks and balances, leading to potential abuses of power by the central authorities and regional governments.

(ix) Inadequate representation of women: The constitution failed to promote gender equality and women’s representation in the political sphere, excluding them from meaningful participation and decision-making processes.

(x) Ignoring cultural diversity: The Lyttleton constitution did not adequately address the cultural and ethnic diversity of Nigeria, thereby impeding the development of inclusive governance systems that could accommodate the various interests and aspirations of different groups.

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