2024 NECO GOVERNMENT: NECO Government (Govt) 2024 Questions and Legit Answers (1271)

(1a)
State is defined as a territory with its own government and borders within a larger country.

(1b)
(i)Sovereignty; This is arguably one of the most crucial attribute of a state. It is the authority to make its own decisions, policies, reforms, public affairs, and external affairs with little or no interference from other entities. An entity is sovereign in the sense that it owes no other nation allegiance. Besides domestic sovereignty, the state possesses external sovereignty. This implies that it has the exclusive right to determine its relations with other states.

(ii)Population; A state cannot exist without a settled population. In other words, to be recognized, it must be inhabited by human beings. This implies that an uninhabited portion of the earth, by itself, is not a state but can be part of one. Moreover, the said population must be largely settled on a permanent basis and not a nomadic one.

(iii)Government A government is a machinery of people that enforces rules and regulations through the common law of the land. This body is typically made up of people with elective and appointive positions who work together to deliver the citizens' needs. In other words government is supposed to make and implement public policies, often guided by a written document known as a constitution.

(iv)Territory; For a community of people to be described as a state, it must occupy a clearly defined territory. A state can only exist within 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' territorial borders. These borders determine the size of the state, the area it can govern, and the areas where its neighboring countries begin. Besides dry land, a country's territory also includes its airspace and maritime territory.

(v)Laws and structures; state must have a set of laws that govern the population. In most countries, this set of laws is outlined in a document known as the constitution. The laws determine acceptable behavioural norms and are obligatory for every citizen. The rules and laws are sanctioned by the government and enforced through various law enforcement agencies. Besides the laws, a state must also have defined structures.

(1a)

State refers to a political entity that exercises sovereignty over a defined territory and its population. It is a recognized governing entity with the authority to make and enforce laws within its borders.

(1b) 

(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i) Territory: A state has a defined geographic area that it governs. The territory can include land water and airspace.

(ii) Population: A state consists of a group of individuals who live within its borders and are subject to its laws and authority.

(iii) Government: A state has a governing body or system that exercises authority and control over its population and territory. This can be in the form of a monarchy democracy dictatorship or any other system of governance.

(iv) Sovereignty: A state has full and exclusive control over its internal and external affairs. It is autonomous and not subject to the authority or interference of other states or external powers.

(v) Recognition: A state is recognized as a legitimate and independent entity by other states. Recognition can be formal or informal and is crucial for participating in international relations.

(vi) Laws and Institutions: A state establishes laws regulations and institutions to maintain order provide governance and deliver essential services to its population. These can include legislative executive and judicial branches of government.

(vii) International Relations: A state engages in diplomatic 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' relations and interacts with other states on the international stage. It can negotiate treaties engage in trade participate in international organizations and represent the interests of its population in global affairs.

(2) 

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Popularity and perception: The way a political party is perceived by the general public can greatly affect its electoral success. Factors such as reputation leadership qualities and public trust can influence how popular a party is among voters.

(ii) Party platform and policies: The political party's platform which includes its policies and agenda plays a crucial role in attracting voter support. Parties with well-defined appealing and persuasive policies are more likely to win elections.

(iii) Economic conditions: The state of the economy can significantly impact electoral outcomes. Parties that are able to demonstrate their ability to manage and improve economic conditions are often favored by voters.

(iv) Voter demographics: Understanding the demographic composition of the electorate is essential. Parties that can connect with different voter groups and address their concerns effectively tend to fare better in elections.

(v) Campaign strategy and organization: A well-planned and organized campaign strategy is crucial for electoral success. Parties need to effectively communicate their message reach out to voters and mobilize their supporters during elections.

(v) Media coverage: Positive media coverage can boost a party's electoral prospects. Parties that can effectively manage their media presence shape public opinion and garner favorable media attention often have an advantage.

(vii) 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' Leadership and charisma: The leadership qualities of a party's candidates such as their charisma communication skills and ability to connect with voters play a critical role in determining electoral success.

(viii) Voter turnout and mobilization: Parties need to focus on maximizing voter turnout and effectively mobilizing their supporters. A higher voter turnout and well-organized ground campaigns can contribute to a party's success on election day.

(3) 

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Lobbying: Pressure groups engage in lobbying activities to influence legislators and policymakers. This can involve direct meetings exchanges of information and persuasive arguments to sway decision-making in favor of the group's goals.

(ii) Public campaigns and demonstrations: Pressure groups often organize public campaigns and demonstrations to raise awareness and gather support for their cause. These can include rallies protests and public events that attract attention and put pressure on policymakers.

(iii) Grassroots organizing: Pressure groups mobilize their supporters at the grassroots level to advocate for their goals. They build networks recruit volunteers and organize local activities to generate public support and influence policymakers.

(iv) Litigation and legal action: Pressure groups may engage in legal action to challenge policies laws or decisions that go against their interests. They may file lawsuits participate in legal processes and use the courts to advance their agenda.

(v) Research and policy analysis: Pressure groups often conduct research and policy analysis to provide evidence-based arguments and information. They use this research to influence public opinion policymakers and the media in support of their goals.

(vi) Coalition building: Pressure groups form alliances and coalitions with other like-minded organizations to amplify their influence and increase their chances 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' of success. By joining forces they can pool resources expertise and support to achieve shared objectives.

(vii) Economic pressure: Some pressure groups leverage economic power to achieve their goals. They may engage in boycotts divestment campaigns or use economic incentives to influence businesses policymakers or the public.

(viii) Public relations and media engagement: Pressure groups employ various public relations strategies to shape public opinion and gain media attention. They may use social media press releases interviews and other media platforms to promote their message and gain support for their cause.

(3)
(i) Lobbying: Lobbying involves direct communication with government officials, lawmakers, or other influential individuals to advocate for specific policies or interests. Pressure groups use lobbying to provide information, present arguments, and exert influence through personal meetings, letters, phone calls, or emails.

(ii) Public Relations: Pressure groups often use public relations strategies to shape public opinion and gain support for their cause. They may organize public campaigns, rallies, demonstrations, or press conferences to raise awareness, generate media coverage, and mobilize public support.

(iii) Grassroots Mobilization: Pressure groups understand the power of grassroots mobilization, where they engage and activate their members and supporters at the local level. This technique involves organizing community events, door-to-door campaigns, petitions, or letter-writing campaigns to demonstrate widespread public support and create a sense of urgency.

(iv) Litigation: Pressure groups may resort to legal action to challenge government policies or decisions. They may file lawsuits or support individuals or organizations in legal battles to advance their cause. Litigation can be used to influence judicial interpretations, set legal precedents, or bring attention to specific issues.

(v) Campaign Financing: Pressure groups often contribute to political campaigns or support candidates who align with their goals. By providing 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' financial support, they seek to gain favor and access to decision-makers. This technique allows pressure groups to influence policy decisions indirectly through their chosen candidates.

(vi) Research and Policy Analysis: Pressure groups invest in research and policy analysis to provide evidence-based arguments supporting their positions. They produce reports, studies, and white papers to demonstrate the potential impacts of specific policies, economic benefits, or social implications. This information helps pressure groups make persuasive cases to policymakers and the public.

(4)

(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i) Clear Guidelines and Policies: Develop and communicate clear guidelines and policies that explicitly outline the expectations for non-partisanship among civil servants.These guidelines should emphasize the importance of political neutrality and provide specific examples.

(ii) Political Activity Restrictions: Implement regulations that restrict civil servants from engaging in partisan political activities while on duty or in their official capacity. This can include limitations on participating in political campaigns, endorsing candidates, or engaging in activities that may compromise their impartiality. 

(iii) Recruitment and Promotion Based on Merit: Establish transparent and merit-based systems for the recruitment, selection, and promotion of civil servants. Emphasize qualifications, skills, and experience as the primary criteria for hiring and advancement, rather than political connections or affiliations.

(iv) Training and Education: Provide regular training and education programs that focus on non-partisanship and ethical conduct for civil servants. These programs should emphasize the importance of maintaining impartiality in decision-making, avoiding conflicts of interest, and upholding the principles of public service. 

(v) Independent Oversight and Accountability: Establish independent oversight mechanisms to monitor and investigate allegations of partisan behavior or misconduct among civil 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' servants. These mechanisms should have the authority to receive and investigate complaints, protect whistleblowers, and take appropriate disciplinary actions when necessary.

(vi) Promote a Culture of Non-Partisanship: Foster a culture within the civil service that values and promotes non-partisanship. This can be achieved through leadership commitment, communication campaigns, and recognition of civil servants who demonstrate a commitment to impartiality.

(vii) Transparent Performance Evaluation: Implement a fair and transparent performance evaluation system that assesses civil servants based on their competence, professionalism, and adherence to non-partisan principles.Provide regular feedback and recognition for exemplary performance.

(4)
(i) Merit-based recruitment and promotion: Implement a system that emphasizes meritocracy in the selection and promotion of civil servants. Candidates should be evaluated based on their qualifications, skills, and experience, rather than their political affiliations or connections.

(ii) Code of conduct: Establish a clear and comprehensive code of conduct that outlines the expected behavior and responsibilities of civil servants. This code should include provisions that prohibit engaging in political activities or expressing partisan views while performing official duties.

(iii) Political neutrality training: Provide mandatory training programs for civil servants to develop an understanding of their role as politically neutral public servants. These training sessions can focus on promoting ethical behavior, avoiding conflicts of interest, and understanding the importance of impartiality.

(iv) Independent oversight bodies: Establish independent oversight bodies responsible for monitoring and enforcing non-partisanship among civil servants. These bodies can investigate allegations of partisan behavior, ensure compliance with the code of conduct, and recommend appropriate disciplinary actions if necessary.

(v) Protecting whistleblower rights: Implement mechanisms to protect civil servants who report violations of non-partisanship or unethical behavior. Whistleblower protection laws should be in place to safeguard individuals who come forward 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' with information about political interference or misconduct.

(vi) Transparent performance evaluation: Develop a robust and transparent performance evaluation system that assesses civil servants based on objective criteria and measurable outcomes. This system should be free from political interference and provide fair assessments of individual performance, fostering a culture of professionalism and non-partisanship.

(5)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Centralized power: Military rule often involves the concentration of decision-making authority in the hands of a small group of military leaders or a single military commander.

(ii) Suppression of dissent: Military regimes often restrict or eliminate political opposition by enforcing strict censorship laws curbing free speech limiting political activities and cracking down on protests or demonstrations.

(iii) Suspension of civil liberties: Military rule usually involves the suspension or limitation of civil liberties such as freedom of assembly freedom of the press and freedom of association.

(iv) Military involvement in governance: In military rule the military often takes direct control of key government institutions and functions such as the executive branch legislative body and judiciary.

(v) Limited civilian involvement: Civilian participation in decision-making processes is typically reduced or entirely excluded with military leaders making critical policy and governance choices instead.

(vi) Emphasis on law and order: Military regimes often prioritize maintaining law and order focusing on stability and control through strict enforcement of laws and regulations.

(vii) Promotion of military values: Military rule often promotes military values such as discipline hierarchy and loyalty as guiding principles for society at large.

(viii) Lack of accountability: Military rulers may enjoy 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' a lack of accountability as they often operate under a system where they are not subject to the same checks and balances as civilian leaders. This can lead to a culture of impunity where military officials are not held responsible for human rights abuses or corruption.

(5)
(i) Centralized Power: Military rule typically concentrates power in the hands of a small group of military leaders or a single military dictator. The military establishment exercises significant authority and influence over the government, often overshadowing or sidelining civilian institutions.

(ii) Suspension of Civil Liberties: Military rule often involves the curtailment or suspension of civil liberties and fundamental rights. Freedom of speech, assembly, and association may be restricted, and censorship may be imposed to control the flow of information and limit dissenting voices.

(iii) Suppression of Political Opposition: Military regimes tend to suppress or eliminate political opposition. Political parties and opposition groups may be banned, and dissenting voices may face persecution, imprisonment, or even violence. Elections, if held at all, may be tightly controlled or manipulated to maintain the military's grip on power.

(iv) Authoritarian Governance: Military rule is typically characterized by authoritarian governance, where decision-making authority lies with a small group of military leaders. Civilian institutions may be weakened or dismantled, and the military often plays a dominant role in policymaking, law enforcement, and administration.

(v) Martial Law and Emergency Powers: Military rule frequently involves the imposition of martial law or emergency powers, granting the military extensive control and authority over 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' civilian life. These powers may include the suspension of constitutional rights, imposition of curfews, and increased surveillance to maintain order and suppress dissent.

(vi) Focus on National Security: Military regimes often prioritize national security concerns and defense matters above other social and economic issues. Policies and resources are directed towards maintaining and expanding military capabilities, often at the expense of social welfare programs or development initiatives.

(10)
(i) Emir/Sarki: The Emir or Sarki was the supreme executive authority in the Hausa Fulani administration. Their duties included maintaining law and order, overseeing the administration, and making decisions on political, economic, and social matters. They had the power to enforce policies and resolve disputes within their jurisdiction.

(ii) Waziri: The Waziri served as the prime minister or chief advisor to the Emir/Sarki. They were responsible for providing counsel, guidance, and recommendations on governance matters. The Waziri played a crucial role in the decision-making process and assisted in implementing policies and managing the administrative affairs of the kingdom.

(iii) Madawaki: The Madawaki was a high-ranking officer responsible for coordinating the military forces of the kingdom. Their duties included organizing and leading the army during times of war or conflict. The Madawaki worked closely with the Emir/Sarki to ensure the security and defense of the kingdom.

(iv) Dan Iyan: The Dan Iyan was the chief courtier or chamberlain in the Hausa Fulani administration. They acted as the personal attendant to the Emir/Sarki and managed the affairs of the royal court. Their duties included organizing court proceedings, maintaining protocol, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the Emir's household.

(v) Galadima: The Galadima was an important administrative officer responsible for overseeing the affairs of the province or district 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' within the kingdom. Their duties included collecting taxes, maintaining public infrastructure, settling disputes, and implementing the policies and directives of the Emir/Sarki at the local level.

(vi) Dogari: The Dogari was in charge of the treasury and finance of the kingdom. They managed the collection of taxes, controlled the kingdom's resources, and ensured proper accounting and financial management. The Dogari played a crucial role in maintaining the economic stability and prosperity of the kingdom.

(6)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Heightened Cold War tensions: The crisis escalated the already intense rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It increased mutual distrust and created a sense of urgency to find ways to manage the competing interests of both superpowers.

(ii) Nuclear arms race limitations: The Cuban Missile Crisis led to a reevaluation of the dangers posed by the rapid proliferation of nuclear weapons. As a result both the United States and the Soviet Union recognized the need to limit the growth of their nuclear arsenals and agreed to pursue arms control negotiations.

(iii) Improved communication: The crisis highlighted the critical need for direct and expedient communication channels between superpowers to prevent misunderstandings and miscalculations. This realization led to the establishment of the Hotline Agreement between the U.S. and the Soviet Union which provided a direct line of communication between the leaders of both countries.

(iv) Non-proliferation efforts: The heightened awareness of the dangers of nuclear weapons prompted renewed efforts to prevent their proliferation to other countries. The crisis became a catalyst for the subsequent signing of the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty which sought to limit the spread of nuclear weapons and promote disarmament.

(v) Regional stability: The crisis revealed the vulnerability of small nations caught in the crossfire of 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' global power struggles. It highlighted the need for stability in the Caribbean region and led to increased efforts to prevent the involvement of proxy states in conflicts between superpowers.

(vi) Cuban isolation: The crisis resulted in international isolation for Cuba. The failed attempt to place Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuban soil strained Cuba's relations with the United States and many other Western countries. Cuba became increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union for economic and military support further solidifying its alignment with the Eastern Bloc.

(vii) Shift in U.S. foreign policy: Following the crisis the United States adopted a more cautious and pragmatic approach to foreign policy emphasizing diplomacy and negotiations over direct confrontation. The administration of President John F. Kennedy became more receptive to the idea of peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union.

(viii) Impact on international diplomacy: The Cuban Missile Crisis served as a wake-up call for the international community and highlighted the need for diplomacy and peaceful resolution of disputes. Diplomatic efforts between the U.S. and the Soviet Union intensified encouraging other nations to engage in dialogue to resolve conflicts rather than resorting to military action.

(6)
(i) Political Instability: The Action Group crises led to a period of political instability in Nigeria. The conflict within the party resulted in factionalism and infighting, weakening the overall political structure. The government was unable to effectively address pressing issues and provide stable governance, creating a sense of uncertainty and distrust among the population.

(ii) Regional Divisions: The crises exacerbated regional divisions within Nigeria. The Action Group had strong support in the Western region, and the internal conflicts intensified the divide between the Western region and other regions of the country. This further heightened ethnic and regional tensions, making it challenging to foster national unity and cooperation.

(iii) Decline of the Action Group: The crises significantly weakened the Action Group as a political force. The party splintered into factions, leading to a loss of public confidence and electoral support. The internal power struggles and divisions within the party contributed to its decline and eventual marginalization in Nigerian politics.

(iv) Rise of Military Intervention: The crises created a power vacuum and a perception of political instability. This provided an opportunity for the military to intervene in the political affairs of Nigeria. The subsequent military coups in 1966 and the subsequent military rule that followed were influenced, in part, by the fragility of the political system resulting 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' from the Action Group crises.

(v) Erosion of Democratic Processes: The Action Group crises highlighted the fragility of Nigeria's democratic processes. The breakdown of trust and the use of violence within the party undermined the principles of democracy, such as fair elections and peaceful transitions of power. This erosion of democratic values had long-lasting implications for Nigeria's governance and political system.

(vi) Socioeconomic Impact: The political instability caused by the Action Group crises had adverse effects on Nigeria's socioeconomic development. The government's focus shifted away from addressing critical issues such as infrastructure development, education, and poverty reduction. The lack of effective governance hindered progress and impeded the country's overall development trajectory.

(7)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) National Security: Nigeria's foreign policy is often guided by national security considerations. The government strives to protect the country from external threats such as terrorism cross-border crimes and regional conflicts. This factor plays a significant role in shaping the country's approach to regional alliances defense agreements and counterterrorism cooperation.

(ii) Economic Interests: Nigeria's foreign policy is shaped by its economic interests including trade investment and access to resources. The government prioritizes policies that foster economic growth attract foreign direct investment and ensure favorable trade agreements. Nigeria's relationship with key economic partners such as China the United States and the European Union can heavily influence foreign policy decisions.

(iii) Regional Integration: Nigeria is a major player within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union (AU). Regional integration and cooperation are key objectives of Nigerian foreign policy aimed at promoting economic development peace and stability within West Africa and the continent as a whole. Nigeria's foreign policy decisions are often influenced by the desire to play a leading role in regional affairs.

(iv) Historical and Cultural Ties: Nigeria's foreign policy is influenced by historical and cultural ties with other countries. Relationships with 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' former colonial powers such as the United Kingdom are often shaped by historical experiences. Additionally Nigeria's foreign policy endeavors to promote and preserve cultural heritage including Nigerian diaspora communities abroad.

(v) Ideological Beliefs: Nigeria's foreign policy can be influenced by ideological beliefs although this factor has varied throughout its history. At times Nigeria has pursued a policy of non-alignment and sought to promote an independent and balanced approach in international affairs. However ideological factors have become less prominent in recent years.

(vi) Global Governance and Multilateralism: Nigeria seeks to play an active role in global governance institutions such as the United Nations where it aspires to secure a permanent seat on the Security Council. Nigerian foreign policy is influenced by efforts to promote multilateralism strengthen international norms and address global challenges such as climate change and human rights.

(vii) Crisis Management: Nigerian foreign policy is often shaped by the need to respond to regional crises and conflicts. The government has been actively involved in mediating conflicts especially within West Africa. Nigeria's foreign policy decisions in these situations are guided by the desire to promote peace stability and security in the region.

(viii) Domestic Politics: Domestic political dynamics and public opinion can impact Nigerian foreign policy. Government decisions 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' may be influenced by public sentiment political alliances and electoral considerations. For instance when faced with domestic challenges the government may adopt foreign policies that are seen as addressing those concerns and garnering support from the population.

(7)
(i) National Security: Ensuring national security is a primary concern for any country, and it significantly influences foreign policy decisions. Nigeria faces security challenges such as terrorism, insurgency, and cross-border conflicts. These security concerns drive Nigeria's foreign policy objectives, including cooperation with regional and international partners, intelligence sharing, and efforts to combat terrorism.

(ii) Economic Interests: Economic considerations play a crucial role in shaping Nigeria's foreign policy. Nigeria is an oil-rich nation, and its economy heavily relies on oil exports. Therefore, maintaining favorable economic relations with other countries, attracting foreign investments, securing access to international markets, and diversifying its economy are key foreign policy objectives for Nigeria.

(iii) Regional Leadership: As the most populous country in Africa and a regional power, Nigeria seeks to exert leadership and influence within the African continent. Nigeria plays an active role in regional organizations like the African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Gulf of Guinea Commission. Nigeria's foreign policy aims to promote stability, peacekeeping efforts, conflict resolution, and economic integration within Africa.

(iv) Political Stability: Nigeria's foreign policy is influenced by the need to maintain political stability both domestically and in its neighboring countries. 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' Internal political stability allows Nigeria to project a positive image internationally and enhances its ability to engage in diplomacy, trade, and cooperation with other nations.

(v) Historical Factors: Historical experiences and relationships also shape Nigeria's foreign policy. Nigeria was a former British colony and gained independence in 1960. Its history of colonization and struggles for independence have influenced its worldview and foreign policy objectives. Nigeria maintains close ties with other Commonwealth countries, particularly those in Africa, and seeks to promote African solidarity and decolonization.

(vi) Global Alliances and Multilateralism: Nigeria actively participates in international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and strives to maintain positive relationships with major global powers. Nigeria's foreign policy seeks to leverage its position within these organizations and forge alliances to advance its national interests, promote peace and security, and address global challenges such as climate change, human rights, and sustainable development.

(8)

(PICK ANY SIX)

(i)Historical Ties: Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations can be justified based on historical ties. The Commonwealth provides a platform for maintaining connections and cooperation with other countries that were also once part of the British Empire.

(ii)Shared Values: Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth is based on shared values such as democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and good governance. The Commonwealth serves as a forum where member countries can collaborate on upholding and promoting these values.

(iii)Economic Cooperation: Nigeria benefits from economic cooperation within the Commonwealth. Membership provides opportunities for trade, investment, and economic partnerships with other member countries. 

(iv)Development Assistance: Nigeria can access development assistance and support from the Commonwealth and its member countries. This assistance can be in the form of financial aid, technical expertise, and capacity-building programs .

(v)Cultural Exchange: The Commonwealth offers a platform for cultural exchange and cooperation among member countries. Nigeria's membership allows for the sharing of cultural experiences, traditions, and knowledge with other nations

(vi)Diplomatic Relations: Membership in the Commonwealth enhances Nigeria's diplomatic relations and global standing. It provides opportunities for engagement in multilateral diplomacy, participation in 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' Commonwealth summits, and networking

(vii)Collaboration on Global Issues: Nigeria can collaborate with other Commonwealth members on global issues such as climate change, security, peacekeeping, and health. The Commonwealth can serve as a platform for joint efforts, sharing best practices, and addressing common challenges.

(viii)Youth Empowerment and Education: The Commonwealth offers programs and initiatives focused on youth empowerment, education, and leadership development. Nigeria's membership provides opportunities for Nigerian youth to engage in exchange programs, educational scholarships etc

(9a)
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided and shared between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states or provinces. It establishes a dual sovereignty structure, where the central government and the regional governments each have their respective powers and responsibilities. Federalism allows for a distribution of power that aims to balance the interests of both the central government and the regional units.

(9b)
(i) Representation and Participation: Creating new states within a federation allows for a more inclusive and representative political system. It ensures that diverse regions or communities have a voice and can actively participate in decision-making processes at both the regional and national levels. State creation can help address regional imbalances and promote a sense of belonging and identity among different groups within a country.

(ii) Decentralization of Power: By creating new states, power is decentralized and shared among multiple regional entities. This can prevent the concentration of power in a single central authority and promote local governance. Decentralization allows for more effective and responsive administration, as regional governments can address local issues and priorities more directly.

(iii) Regional Development and Resource Allocation: State creation can be motivated by the need to promote balanced regional development and ensure equitable distribution of 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' resources. It allows for specific regions to have greater control over their own resources and development plans. This can lead to focused development initiatives, tailored to the specific needs and priorities of each region, thus reducing regional disparities.

(iv) Cultural and Linguistic Autonomy: Creating states within a federation can provide protection and autonomy for distinct cultural, linguistic, or ethnic communities. It allows for the preservation and promotion of local languages, customs, traditions, and identities. State creation can empower communities to safeguard their cultural heritage and exercise their right to self-determination within the framework of a larger federal structure.

(v) Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Coexistence: In some cases, state creation can be a means to resolve long-standing conflicts or ethnic tensions within a country. By granting greater autonomy and self-governance to specific regions, it may help accommodate the aspirations of different communities and foster peaceful coexistence. State creation can serve as a mechanism for managing diversity and promoting stability within a federation.

(9a)

A federation is a form of government where power is shared between a central authority and several constituent states or regions. It is characterized by a division of powers where specific responsibilities and authorities are allocated to both the central government and the regional entities. 

(9b)

(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i) Representation and Participation: State creation in a federation increases representation and ensures the participation of diverse regions or communities within the federation. It allows each state to have a voice and influence in the decision-making process.

(ii) Autonomy and Self-Governance: State creation provides a certain degree of autonomy and self-governance to individual states within the federation. It allows them to have control over local governance law-making and administration which can cater to the specific needs and aspirations of the state's population.

(iii) Cultural and Linguistic Preservation: A federation allows for the preservation and promotion of diverse cultural and linguistic identities. State creation enables the recognition and protection of specific cultural ethnic or linguistic communities within a larger federal framework.

(iv) Resource Management: In federations with diverse geographical regions state creation facilitates better management of resources. Each state can manage and benefit from their natural resources leading to balanced development and equitable 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' distribution of wealth within the federation.

(v) Efficient Governance and Service Delivery: State creation can result in more efficient governance and service delivery as the administration becomes closer to the people. Local governments can better understand the specific needs of their populations and devise targeted policies and programs accordingly.

(vi) Conflict Resolution: State creation can assist in resolving internal conflicts by granting more autonomy and power to regions or communities that have experienced marginalization or discrimination. It helps address grievances and gives a sense of ownership reducing tensions and fostering unity within the federation.

(vii) Economic Development and Investment: State creation promotes economic development by facilitating regional competitiveness and attracting investments. Each state can promote its unique resources strengths and potential leading to specialization and economic growth for the benefit of the entire federation.

(viii) Balanced Representation of Interests: State creation ensures a balance of representation between smaller and larger states within the federation. This prevents the domination of larger states and ensures that the interests of all regions are considered fostering inclusivity and stability.

(10)

(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i)Emir/Sarkin: The Emir or Sarkin, as the highest-ranking executive officer, had several duties. They maintained law and order, ensured the administration of justice, and protected the interests of the community. 

(ii)District Heads/Wakilin Sarki: District heads, known as Wakilin Sarki, were responsible for the effective governance of their respective districts. They implemented the policies and regulations set by the Emir, collected taxes, maintained security, and oversaw local government administration. 

(iii)Court Officials: Court officials played significant roles in the administration of justice. The Wazirin, Galadiman, and Madaki were executive officers who advised the Emir, presided over court proceedings, and ensured the fair and equitable resolution of disputes. 

(iv)Military Commanders: Military commanders, such as the Dan Masanin, held executive positions in matters of defense and security. They organized and led military forces, protected the community from external threats, and maintained internal peace.

(v)Military Commanders: Military commanders, such as the Dan Masanin, held executive positions in matters of defense and security. They organized and led military forces, protected the community from external threats, and maintained internal peace.

(vi)Advisers and Counselors: Executive officers in the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial 'copied from e x p o c o d e . n e t free' administration included advisers and counselors who provided expertise and guidance to the Emir. These individuals had specialized knowledge in areas such as religion, law, diplomacy, and administration. 

(vii)Village/Local Chiefs: Village or local chiefs, known as Hakimi, acted as executive officers at the grassroots level. They oversaw the governance of their respective villages or communities.